{
  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
  "name": "BondStats Machine Research Gateway",
  "generated_from": "BondStats main repository snapshot 2026-11-09 12:18:31",
  "generated_at": "2026-11-10",
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  "source_catalog_updated": "2026-10-22",
  "count": 18,
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    {
      "id": "GGD",
      "title": "General government gross debt",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Sovereign balance sheets",
      "summary": "Gross liabilities of general government before netting financial assets; instrument and valuation coverage depend on statistical framework.",
      "question": "How much does the consolidated general government owe relative to GDP?",
      "unit": "% of GDP",
      "frequency": "Annual / quarterly",
      "comparability": "medium",
      "risk": "Sector perimeter, instrument coverage, valuation and GDP vintage can differ.",
      "sources": [
        "IMF WEO",
        "World Bank WDI",
        "Eurostat"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "government perimeter",
        "gross versus net",
        "GDP denominator",
        "valuation basis"
      ],
      "rule": "Do not equate general-government debt with central-government debt.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
      },
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "CGD",
      "title": "Central government debt",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Sovereign balance sheets",
      "summary": "Liabilities attributable to the central government; excludes some subnational and social security entities.",
      "question": "What debt is issued or owed by the central government?",
      "unit": "Currency / % GDP",
      "frequency": "Monthly / quarterly / annual",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "Not the same institutional perimeter as general-government debt.",
      "sources": [
        "World Bank WDI",
        "National authorities"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "government perimeter",
        "instrument coverage",
        "consolidation"
      ],
      "rule": "Compare only after aligning government sector coverage.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "DSR",
      "title": "Debt service ratio",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Credit and funding",
      "summary": "Debt-service payments relative to an income measure for a specified borrower sector.",
      "question": "How much income is used for principal and interest?",
      "unit": "% of income",
      "frequency": "Quarterly",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "Borrower sector, amortization assumptions and income denominator vary.",
      "sources": [
        "BIS",
        "National authorities"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "borrower sector",
        "payment definition",
        "income denominator",
        "estimation method"
      ],
      "rule": "Avoid comparing corporate, household and private non-financial DSR as equivalents.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "CPI",
      "title": "Consumer price inflation",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Monetary transmission",
      "summary": "Change in a consumer price index; country-specific baskets and index coverage vary.",
      "question": "How quickly are consumer prices changing?",
      "unit": "% year over year",
      "frequency": "Monthly",
      "comparability": "medium",
      "risk": "Headline CPI, HICP, core inflation and seasonal adjustments are not interchangeable.",
      "sources": [
        "World Bank WDI",
        "Eurostat",
        "National authorities"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "basket definition",
        "seasonal adjustment",
        "reference period",
        "coverage"
      ],
      "rule": "Label the index family and seasonal adjustment explicitly.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "POL",
      "title": "Policy interest rate",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Monetary transmission",
      "summary": "A policy-relevant interest rate or operating target announced by a monetary authority.",
      "question": "Which monetary policy rate is being compared?",
      "unit": "% per annum",
      "frequency": "Event / daily",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "Target ranges, deposit facilities and corridor systems have different roles.",
      "sources": [
        "Central banks",
        "BIS"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "instrument type",
        "target versus facility",
        "effective date",
        "range versus point"
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      "rule": "Compare policy instruments by function, not only by headline rate.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
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    {
      "id": "Y10",
      "title": "10-year government bond yield",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Market pricing",
      "summary": "Market yield for a benchmark government security or synthetic constant-maturity tenor.",
      "question": "What does a 10-year sovereign yield represent?",
      "unit": "% per annum",
      "frequency": "Daily",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "Benchmark bonds, par yields, constant maturity and end-of-day timestamps differ.",
      "sources": [
        "National debt offices",
        "Central banks"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "security versus curve",
        "maturity method",
        "timestamp",
        "yield convention"
      ],
      "rule": "Do not combine benchmark security and constant-maturity series without a method flag.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "CA",
      "title": "Current account balance",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "External sector",
      "summary": "Balance-of-payments current account covering goods, services, primary and secondary income.",
      "question": "What is the net external income and trade balance?",
      "unit": "Currency / % GDP",
      "frequency": "Quarterly / annual",
      "comparability": "medium",
      "risk": "Revisions, BPM versions and GDP conversion can change comparability.",
      "sources": [
        "IMF BOP",
        "World Bank WDI"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "BPM standard",
        "revisions",
        "currency",
        "GDP denominator"
      ],
      "rule": "Record balance-of-payments manual and vintage.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
      },
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "RES",
      "title": "Official reserve assets",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "External sector",
      "summary": "Reserve assets available to and controlled by monetary authorities, subject to the reporting standard.",
      "question": "How much reserve liquidity is held by monetary authorities?",
      "unit": "USD / domestic currency",
      "frequency": "Monthly",
      "comparability": "medium",
      "risk": "Gold valuation, reserve eligibility and currency conversion vary.",
      "sources": [
        "IMF IFS",
        "Central banks"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "asset eligibility",
        "valuation date",
        "currency conversion",
        "gold treatment"
      ],
      "rule": "Avoid mixing total international reserves with foreign-exchange-only reserves.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
      },
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "FX",
      "title": "Exchange rate",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "External sector",
      "summary": "Quoted price of one currency in units of another, possibly spot, reference or market fixing.",
      "question": "Which direction and rate convention is used?",
      "unit": "Currency pair",
      "frequency": "Daily",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "Quote direction, fix time and reference rate definitions are often inconsistent.",
      "sources": [
        "Central banks",
        "National authorities"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "base currency",
        "quote currency",
        "fixing time",
        "market versus reference"
      ],
      "rule": "Invert rates explicitly when quote direction differs.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
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        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
    },
    {
      "id": "NPL",
      "title": "Nonperforming loan ratio",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Banking system",
      "summary": "Loans classified as nonperforming divided by gross loans, with jurisdiction-specific recognition rules.",
      "question": "What share of bank loans are classified as nonperforming?",
      "unit": "% of gross loans",
      "frequency": "Quarterly / annual",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "Forbearance, write-offs and accounting standards change classification.",
      "sources": [
        "World Bank WDI",
        "National supervisors"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "classification threshold",
        "loan denominator",
        "forbearance",
        "reporting sector"
      ],
      "rule": "Require a classification-method note before ranking banking systems.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
        "dataset": "src/data/provenance-atlas/catalog.json",
        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
        "license": "CC0-1.0",
        "scope": "Original BondStats-authored metadata and comparability rules only. External source data is not included or relicensed."
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
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    {
      "id": "CAP",
      "title": "Regulatory capital ratio",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Banking system",
      "summary": "Regulatory capital divided by risk-weighted assets under the applicable supervisory framework.",
      "question": "What is the regulatory capital buffer relative to risk-weighted assets?",
      "unit": "% of RWA",
      "frequency": "Quarterly / annual",
      "comparability": "low",
      "risk": "CET1, Tier 1 and total capital are distinct; RWA models differ.",
      "sources": [
        "BIS",
        "National supervisors"
      ],
      "dimensions": [
        "capital tier",
        "RWA methodology",
        "consolidation",
        "Basel framework"
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      "rule": "Never compare CET1 with total capital as the same measure.",
      "url": "https://www.bondstats.org/tools/developer-tools/data-provenance-atlas/",
      "provenance": {
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        "dataset_updated": "2026-10-22",
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      "publisher": "BondStats Ltd",
      "usage_notice": "Use for discovery and citation; verify primary data at source. Do not imply real-time verification."
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      "id": "GCF",
      "title": "Gross capital formation",
      "type": "methodology",
      "category": "Investment and flows",
      "summary": "Acquisition less disposal of fixed assets plus inventories and valuables where applicable.",
      "question": "What investment aggregate is represented?",
      "unit": "% GDP / currency",
      "frequency": "Quarterly / annual",
      "comparability": "medium",
      "risk": "Gross fixed capital formation is a narrower measure.",
      "sources": [
        "World Bank WDI",
        "National statistics"
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      "dimensions": [
        "fixed versus total",
        "national accounts version",
        "valuation",
        "GDP denominator"
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      "rule": "Distinguish gross capital formation from gross fixed capital formation.",
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