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The Bond Market Archive 1987 — The Crash 1994 — The Great Bond Massacre 1998 — The Flight to Safety 2001 — The Recession Turn 2008 — The System Breaks 2011 — The Sovereign Crisis 2013 — The Taper Tantrum 2016 — The Negative-Yield Era 2019 — The Curve Inverts 2020 — The Liquidity Shock 2021 — The Inflation Return 2022 — The Great Repricing 2023 — The Long-End Revolt 2025–2026 — The Refinancing Era Crisis in Charts

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🇵🇱Poland 🇸🇰 Slovakia 🇭🇺Hungary 🇸🇮Slovenia 🇱🇹Lithuania 🇨🇿 Czech Republic

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🇭🇰 Hong Kong 🇸🇬Singapore 🇰🇷South Korea 🇮🇳India

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Bond Market Glossary Bond Market Questions The Financial Iceberg Financial Market Data & Reference Data Market Microstructure Encyclopedia Credit Markets & Capital Structure Derivatives & Hedging Structured Finance & Securitization Money Markets & Short-Term Funding Sovereign Debt & Government Finance Bank Balance Sheet & Prudential Finance Financial Formula Library Financial Market Acronym Library Financial Market Conventions Bond & Macro Market Signals Library Financial Indicators Library Bond Market Patterns Library Economic Indicators Library Central Bank Indicators Library Financial Risk Indicators Library Fixed-Income Strategies Library Market Anomalies Library What Are Bonds?Bond Yield Explained Yield Curve Explained What Moves Bond Yields Bond Yield vs Interest Rate What Is the 10-Year Treasury Yield What Is a Bond Yield Spread What Top Investors Say About Bonds Economic Crises and Bond Markets Real vs Nominal Bond Yields Hong Kong Bond Market & USD Peg Sovereign Risk in Bond Markets Safe Haven Assets in Financial Markets Credit Risk in Bond Markets Bond Market vs Stock Market Basel III and Bond Markets Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) Explained What Is Term Premium Inverted Yield Curve Explained High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) Explained How Institutions Move Bond Markets What Are Tokenized Bonds Why 10-Year Bond Yield Matters What Bond Markets Signal About the Economy Breakeven Inflation Explained (Real vs Nominal Yields)How to Read Bond Yields Like an Investor Who Owns the Bond Market Types of Government Bonds Understanding Defense Bonds Treasury Auctions Explained (How Government Bond Auctions Work)How Bond Markets Trigger Chain Reactions Across the Economy How Bond Markets React to CPI, Jobs, and Central Bank Decisions Bond Market Fundamentals China & Bond Markets Defense Spending and Bond Issuance Fiscal Dominance and Bond Markets Defense Spending and Bond Market Expectations How Fiscal Policy Affects the Yield Curve Military Spending and Duration Risk Bond Supply and Government Borrowing Explained Geopolitical Risk & Bond Markets Russia & Global Bond Markets: Sanctions, Capital Flows & Yield Impact North Korea & Bond Markets Defense Spending and Yield Volatility Who Holds Government Bonds?Bond Pricing Explained Bond Convexity Explained Oil Markets and Bond Yields How Government Structures Shape Bond Markets What Is a Bond Market Crash?Bond Duration Calculator Bond Duration Explained Bond Auction Tail Explained Bond Switch Auctions Explained

Are Government Bonds Really Risk-Free?Do Rising Interest Rates Always Hurt Bonds?Are Bonds Always Safer Than Stocks?Do Central Banks Control Bond Markets?Can Bond Markets Predict Recessions?Do Higher Bond Yields Always Signal a Strong Economy?Can Governments Simply Print Money to Repay Their Debt?Do Bond Investors Benefit When Interest Rates Rise?Can Central Banks Run Out of Money?Are Bond Markets Bigger Than Stock Markets?Can Inflation Destroy Bond Returns?Can Bond Vigilantes Still Move Markets?Do Credit Ratings Really Matter for Government Bonds?Do Countries Ever Repay Their National Debt?Do Bond Markets Control Governments?What Happens to Bonds When Interest Rates Rise?Can You Lose Money on Government Bonds?Can Bonds Crash?Does an Inverted Yield Curve Always Predict a Recession?Do Bonds Always Protect Against a Stock Market Crash?Are High Bond Yields Always a Warning Sign?Can Government Debt Become Too Large to Manage?Does More Government Debt Always Push Bond Yields Higher?Can a Country Default on Debt Issued in Its Own Currency?What Happens If Nobody Buys Government Bonds?Can a Government Bond Auction Fail?What Happens When a Government Has to Refinance Trillions of Debt?Can Too Little Government Debt Be a Problem?Are Higher Bond Yields Always Bad for Bond Investors?Do Bondholders Always Get Their Money Back at Maturity?Why Do Mortgage Rates Follow Bond Yields?Can Governments Hide Debt?Can a Country Be Forced to Default Without Running Out of Money?Can a Government Cancel Its Own Debt?Bond Roll-Down Explained Bond Carry Explained Do Floating-Rate Bonds Have No Interest-Rate Risk?Does a Bond Always Become Safer as It Approaches Maturity?

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)Nasdaq London Stock Exchange (LSE)Deutsche Börse SIX Swiss Exchange Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing (HKEX)Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)Singapore Exchange (SGX)Euronext Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)National Stock Exchange of India (NSE)Korea Exchange (KRX)Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE)Bursa Malaysia Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET)Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE)Vietnam Stock Exchange (VNX)Saudi Exchange (Tadawul)Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX)Dubai Financial Market (DFM)Qatar Stock Exchange Kuwait Stock Exchange (Boursa Kuwait)Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)B3 (Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão)Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV)Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX)Moscow Exchange (MOEX)Borsa İstanbul (BIST)Warsaw Stock Exchange (GPW)Athens Exchange (ATHEX)Vienna Stock Exchange (Wiener Börse)Prague Stock Exchange (PSE)Luxembourg Stock Exchange (LuxSE)Irish Stock Exchange (Euronext Dublin)Oslo Børs Nasdaq Nordic Nasdaq Baltic

S&P 500 Nasdaq-100 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)Russell 2000 MSCI World Index MSCI Emerging Markets Index FTSE 100 DAX CAC 40 EURO STOXX 50 Nikkei 225 TOPIX (Tokyo Stock Price Index)Hang Seng Index CSI 300 Index SSE Composite Index KOSPI (Korea Composite Stock Price Index)S&P/ASX 200 Straits Times Index (STI)BSE Sensex Nifty 50 Bovespa Index (Ibovespa)Swiss Market Index (SMI)S&P/TSX Composite Index OMX Stockholm 30 (OMXS30)AEX Index BEL 20

What Is Compound Interest?What Is an ETF?What Is Diversification?What Is Asset Allocation?What Is Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA)?What Is Risk Tolerance?What Is Rebalancing?What Is an Index Fund?What Are Dividends?What Is Passive Investing?Market Capitalization Explained What Is ROI?What Is Volatility?What Is Financial Independence?Growth Stocks vs Value Stocks ETF vs Mutual Fund Lump Sum vs Dollar-Cost Averaging Nominal Return vs Real Return Risk vs Reward Bull Market vs Bear Market What Is Liquidity What Is Capital Gain?What Is Net Worth?Follow the Money: How the Global Financial System Really Works Do Bond ETFs Always Follow the Bonds They Own?

Goldman Sachs JPMorgan Chase BlackRock Vanguard State Street Global Advisors Morgan Stanley Bank of America UBS Deutsche Bank HSBC BNP Paribas PIMCO Fidelity Investments Capital Group Franklin Templeton Vatican Bank Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)International Monetary Fund (IMF)World Bank International Finance Corporation (IFC)New Development Bank (NDB) – BRICS Bank European Investment Bank (EIB)European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)Asian Development Bank (ADB)Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

The Next Bond Market Crisis: What Could Trigger It?The Future of Sovereign Debt Markets The Return of Bond Vigilantes The Coming Era of Fiscal Dominance How Artificial Intelligence Could Impact Bond Markets Can Governments Afford Their Debt?Why Japan Matters for Global Bond Markets Who Finances the United States?The Hidden Risks of Refinancing Government Debt What Happens If Treasury Yields Reach 6%?Are Bond Markets Becoming More Political?The Future of Treasury Market Structure Why Demographics Could Drive Bond Markets for Decades Could Sovereign Credit Ratings Matter Again?China’s Local Government Debt Problem Explained Russia’s Banking System Explained The Geopolitics of Sovereign Debt Who Really Finances Europe?The Future of the U.S. Dollar System Why State-Owned Banks Matter The Bond Market Side of Sanctions Financial Repression Explained What Happens If Japan Loses Control of Yields?How Governments Finance Wars Which Countries Depend Most on Foreign Creditors?

The AI Boom Is Becoming a Bond Market Story Microsoft and the Bond Market Alphabet and the Bond Market Amazon: From Cash Flow Machine to Infrastructure Financier Meta’s AI Spending and the Cost of Capital Apple’s Debt Strategy Nvidia and the Bond Market Can Big Tech Become Too Important for Corporate Bond Markets?Big Tech Credit Spreads: What Bond Investors Are Actually Pricing What Falling Rates Mean for the AI Investment Cycle AI Data Centers and the Coming Debt Financing Wave Who Will Finance the AI Infrastructure Boom?Big Tech vs Governments: Who Has the Stronger Balance Sheet?Could Microsoft Borrow More Cheaply Than Some Governments?Big Tech Debt vs Bank Debt: Where Is Credit Risk Really Lower?Could AI Capex Reshape the Investment-Grade Bond Market?Singapore: The Financing Hub Behind Asia’s Technology Boom China’s Big Tech Debt Market: A Different Funding Model Alibaba and the Bond Market: How China’s Tech Giants Finance Themselves China’s AI Boom and the Coming Infrastructure Financing Cycle US vs China: Two AI Booms, Two Financing Systems Why Big Tech Uses Singapore for Capital, Treasury and Regional Expansion Could Asian AI Infrastructure Create a New Bond-Market Supercycle?The New Tech Bond Market: From Software Companies to Infrastructure Giants

Bridgewater Associates: The World’s Largest Hedge Fund Citadel: How One Hedge Fund Became a Global Trading Powerhouse Millennium Management: The Multi-Manager That Redefined Diversif AQR Capital Management: How Quantitative Investing Changed Modern Asset Man Elliott Investment Management: The Activist Hedge Fund That Reshaped Corpor Man Group: One of the World’s Oldest Investment Firms Two Sigma: How Artificial Intelligence and Data Are Transforming Investing D. E. Shaw: Where Technology Meets Quantitative Investing Pershing Square Capital Management: Conviction Investing on a Global Scale Baupost Group: The Value Investing Powerhouse Behind Long-Term Capital Pres Brevan Howard: A Global Macro Specialist in Fixed Income and Interest Rates Marshall Wace: Combining Human Insight with Quantitative Innovation Point72 Asset Management: Research-Driven Investing Across Global Markets Coatue Management: Investing at the Intersection of Technology and Global M Tiger Global Management: Investing in the World’s Fastest-Growing Companies Renaissance Technologies Och-Ziff Capital Management Davidson Kempner Capital Management Viking Global Investors

What Is SEPA and How Does It Actually Work?SEPA vs SWIFT: What Is the Difference?What Is SWIFT and How Does It Actually Work?What Is TARGET and How Does It Work?What Is RTGS and How Does It Work?What Is Clearing and How Does It Work?What Is Settlement and How Does It Work?Clearing vs Settlement: What Is the Difference?What Is a Central Securities Depository?What Is Correspondent Banking and How Does It Work?What Is Fedwire and How Does It Work?What Is CLS and Why Does FX Need It?Delivery versus Payment (DvP): How Securities Settlement Works What Are Cross-Border Payments?Instant Payments

How Bonds Behave Across the Economic Cycle Why the Yield Curve Changes Before the Economy Does The Bond Market Before a Recession The Bond Market During a Market Panic What Bonds Signal Near a Market Bottom Stocks vs Bonds: Which Market Leads the Cycle?The Anatomy of a Bond-Market Turning Point Can the Bond Market See the Next Cycle Coming?When Bonds and Stocks Send Opposite Signals Real Yields: The Variable Behind Asset Valuations Credit Spreads and the Hidden Side of the Market Cycle Inflation Regimes and the Bond Market Cycle Bull Steepening vs Bear Steepening How Monetary Policy Moves Through the Bond Market

Counter-Cyclical Investing in Bonds When Falling Yields Become Opportunity Buying Duration Against the Cycle Credit Spreads as a Contrarian Signal When the Yield Curve Is Most Misleading Liquidity Stress and Forced Selling Repricing vs. Fundamentals Contrarian Signals in Sovereign Debt Positioning for the Next Regime

What Is Money?Fiat Currency Explained How Money Is Created Fractional Reserve Banking Inflation Explained Deflation Explained Why Currencies Rise and Fall Reserve Currencies What Is the Petrodollar?What Is Quantitative Easing?What Is a Monetary System?What Is the Gold Standard?What Is a Currency Crisis?

What Capital Flows Signal About the Global Economy What the Dollar Signals What Financial Stress Signals What Credit Spreads Signal What Yield Curves Signal What Reserve Currencies Signal What Interest Rates Signal What Inflation Expectations Signal What Liquidity Signals What Government Bond Yields Signal What Real Interest Rates Signal What Safe Haven Flows Signal

The Financial System Has a Clock Why London Sits at the Center of the Financial Day The London–New York Overlap: When Global Balance Sheets Meet Intraday Liquidity: Why Banks Need Money Before the Day Is Over The Hidden Clock Behind the Repo Market Why Collateral Has to Be in the Right Place at the Right Time The FX Settlement Window: How Trillions Move Across Currencies 8:30 AM New York: When Macro Data Hits the Global Bond Market The Closing Bell Is Not the End of the Financial Day T+1 and the Compression of Financial Time What Happens Between New York Close and Asia Open?Can Time-Zone Friction Become a Financial Stability Risk?

Portfolio Diversification Strategies How Many Stocks Should You Own?What Is Core vs Satellite Investing?Reinvesting Dividends Portfolio Risk Explained Asset Classes Explained Time Horizon Explained

Introduction to Risk Management Volatility and Risk What Is Market Risk?Risk-Adjusted Return What Is Beta?What Is Alpha?Sharpe Ratio Explained

Financial Security Glossary The Security Architecture of Modern Finance How Banks Protect Money in a Digital System Identity: The First Security Layer in Finance Encryption in Banking and Payments The Hidden Role of Hardware Security Modules How Payment Networks Detect Fraud SWIFT Security Explained What Happens When a Bank Is Hacked?Ransomware and the Financial System Cybersecurity in Stock Exchanges Clearing Houses as Security Infrastructure How Securities Custody Is Protected Central Banks and Cyber Resilience Third-Party Risk in Finance Zero Trust in Financial Institutions Insider Threats and Privileged Access AI, Deepfakes and the New Fraud Layer DDoS Attacks and Financial Availability Post-Quantum Security and Finance When Financial Security Becomes Systemic Risk

How Goldsmiths Helped Shape the Modern Monetary System How Banknotes Became Money The Fugger Family: Europe’s First Financial Empire The Medici Bank: The Financial Power Behind the Renaissance The Rothschild Empire: Building the World’s Most Influential Banking Dynast Bretton Woods Explained: The Birth of the Modern International Monetary Sys Quotes About Money & Financial History Market Turning Points

Who Finances The World?The Bond Market Playbook Psychology of Money Hong Kong: Gateway to China’s Financial System The Collateral Economy The Goldsmith Bankers Ahead of the Cycle

Foundations & Economic Transformation Why Singapore Does Not Target Interest Rates Like Most Central Banks How Singapore’s Exchange Rate Policy Works The S$NEER Policy Band Explained Singapore Dollar (SGD) Explained Singapore Government Securities (SGS) Explained Singapore Savings Bonds (SSB) Explained Singapore’s AAA Credit Rating Explained Why Singapore’s Public Debt Is Different Singapore’s National Reserves Explained GIC Explained: Singapore’s Global Investment Manager Temasek Holdings Explained The Net Investment Returns Contribution (NIRC) Explained How Singapore Balances Its Budget How Singapore Funds Infrastructure Without Excessive Debt Why Global Banks Choose Singapore Singapore’s Green Finance Strategy Explained The Future of Singapore as a Global Financial Centre Why Does Singapore Borrow Money If It Does Not Need to Finance Its Budget?Why Does Singapore Issue Government Bonds Despite Its Fiscal Strength?Why Singapore Has No Conventional Central Bank Policy Rate Why Foreign Companies Issue Bonds in Singapore Why Singapore Has a Swap Rate Called SORA-OIS — and Why It Matters for Bond Why Singapore’s Government Bond Market Has Primary Dealers Why Singapore’s Bond Market Uses Reopenings Instead of Constantly Creating Why Singapore Has No Capital Gains Tax on Bonds Why Singapore’s Government Debt Is Not Used to Fund Government Spending Why Singapore Can Earn More on Its Reserves Than It Pays on Government Debt

How China’s Policy Banks Shape the Economy Why China’s Bond Market Is Larger Than Most Investors Realize How China’s Financial System Differs From the West China vs U.S. Bond Markets China’s Local Government Debt Problem Explained The Role of State-Owned Banks in China’s Economy Can the Yuan Challenge the U.S. Dollar?Why Beijing Closely Watches Government Bond Yields The Future of China’s Sovereign Bond Market Why Chinese Government Bonds Attract Global Investors The Hidden Role of the People’s Bank of China How Capital Controls Protect China’s Markets How China’s Property Crisis Affects Bond Markets China’s Belt and Road Initiative Through Debt Markets

Why Switzerland Matters The Swiss Franc (CHF)Bank for International Settlements (BIS)Switzerland Bond Market Overview The Swiss Banking System Swiss Financial Centers (Zurich & Geneva)Why Swiss Government Bonds Matter During Global Crises Switzerland as a Safe Haven Swiss Wealth Management Switzerland and Global Capital Flows Switzerland’s Pension System How Insurance Became a Pillar of Swiss Finance Switzerland and Gold Commodity Trading in Switzerland Swiss Neutrality and Finance Switzerland’s Role in International Organizations

Federal Reserve (United States)European Central Bank (ECB)People’s Bank of China (PBoC)Bank of Japan (BoJ)Bank of England (BoE)The Swiss National Bank (SNB)Reserve Bank of India (RBI)Bank of Canada (BoC)Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)Sveriges Riksbank Banco Central do Brasil (BCB)Bank of Korea (BOK)The Monetary Authority of Singapore Explained Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA)Norges Bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ)South African Reserve Bank (SARB)Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT)Banco de México (Banxico)Saudi Central Bank (SAMA)

What Most People Don’t Understand About Bonds Why Bond Markets Lead Everything When Yields Stop Reacting When Lower Yields Signal Higher Risk

BondStats Market Calendar Bond Market Alerts Central Bank Watch Macro Data Watch

Central Bank Liquidity Clock Global Central Bank Interest Rate Monitor Global Central Bank Rate Tracker Central Banks and Bond Yields What Central Banks Say About Bonds Global Central Bank Rates Central Bank Decisions That Changed Markets

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Related Bond Market Tools and Pages

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Last Updated: March 21, 2026

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