Data Sources
Data Sources & Methodology
BondStats combines official public-sector data, central-bank statistics and selected market-data sources to build its fixed-income analytics, sovereign-intelligence tools and research products. Wherever practical, official primary sources are preferred. Secondary or market-based sources are used selectively when official series are unavailable, delayed or unsuitable for the required frequency.
Data frequency varies by source. Some market and yield series update daily, while sovereign holdings, funding and global-liquidity datasets may be published monthly or quarterly.
Countries Covered
BondStats currently provides sovereign bond yield data across major developed and emerging markets, including:
North America
United States, Canada, Mexico
Europe
Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Slovenia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania
Asia-Pacific
Australia, New Zealand, India, South Korea
Other Markets
Israel, Chile, South Africa
and more
Source Details
Federal Reserve Economic Data — FRED
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database is one of the principal data layers used across BondStats. FRED provides access to hundreds of thousands of economic and financial time series from public and private institutions.
BondStats uses FRED for selected:
U.S. Treasury yields
real Treasury yields
breakeven inflation rates
policy-sensitive interest-rate series
macroeconomic indicators
selected international sovereign-yield series
historical fixed-income data
FRED data are also used as a fallback for selected countries or indicators where an official national source is temporarily unavailable.
U.S. Treasury
The U.S. Department of the Treasury is used for official Treasury-market and sovereign-funding information. Treasury publishes daily nominal and real Treasury yield-curve rates, bill rates and other interest-rate statistics.
BondStats uses official Treasury data for Treasury-market research and sovereign-intelligence products where applicable.
Debt Repricing Clock
The BondStats Debt Repricing Clock uses official U.S. Treasury and U.S. government fiscal data to analyse the refinancing structure of federal debt.
The tool is designed to track:
debt maturing over short and medium horizons
upcoming Treasury maturities
refinancing requirements
average daily refinancing pressure
coupon characteristics of maturing securities
the difference between legacy borrowing costs and prevailing funding rates
The resulting BondStats calculations, including the Refinancing Cost Gap, are derived analytics rather than official Treasury indicators.
U.S. Treasury — Treasury International Capital
The Treasury International Capital system provides official information on cross-border holdings and transactions in U.S. securities. The Treasury also publishes the widely followed Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities data.
BondStats uses TIC data for research and tools examining foreign ownership and international demand for U.S. government debt.
Used in:
Major Foreign Holders of U.S. Treasury Securities and related sovereign-funding research.
TIC data should be interpreted carefully because country attribution can be affected by custodial arrangements. The U.S. Treasury explicitly notes that holdings cannot always be assigned to the ultimate beneficial owner with complete accuracy.
Bank for International Settlements — BIS
The Bank for International Settlements is now a major source within the BondStats global-funding intelligence layer. The BIS Data Portal publishes statistics covering international banking, debt securities, credit, global liquidity, derivatives, property prices, exchange rates and other areas of the international financial system.
Global Liquidity Indicators
The BondStats Global Liquidity Monitor uses the BIS Global Liquidity Indicators.
The BIS defines global liquidity broadly as the ease of financing in global financial markets. Its GLIs track credit to non-bank borrowers through both bank lending and international debt securities. The primary foreign-currency indicators focus on U.S. dollar, euro and Japanese-yen credit to borrowers outside the corresponding currency areas.
BondStats currently tracks:
U.S. dollar credit to non-bank borrowers outside the United States
euro credit to non-bank borrowers outside the euro area
yen credit to non-bank borrowers outside Japan
annual growth in each funding currency
relative funding momentum
The Global Liquidity Pulse and Liquidity Regime shown by BondStats are independently calculated, rules-based indicators. They are not official BIS indicators. BIS Global Liquidity Indicators are constructed quarterly.
European Central Bank — ECB
The European Central Bank is the primary official source for selected euro-area yield-curve data. The ECB estimates government-bond yield curves for the euro area and publishes spot, forward and par curves. These series are published on a daily basis according to the TARGET calendar.
BondStats uses ECB data for:
euro-area sovereign yield analysis
selected benchmark maturities
yield-curve construction
European fixed-income market monitoring
Where required, FRED may be used as a continuity fallback.
Bank of England
The Bank of England publishes daily estimated yield curves for the United Kingdom. Its framework includes nominal and real government-bond curves as well as implied inflation term structures. BondStats uses Bank of England data as a primary source for selected UK fixed-income and sovereign-yield analysis.
Bank of Canada
The Bank of Canada provides official Canadian interest-rate and government-bond data through its statistical infrastructure and Valet API.
BondStats uses Bank of Canada data for:
Canadian sovereign yields
selected benchmark maturities
historical Canadian rates
Where necessary, FRED may be used as a fallback.
Reserve Bank of Australia
The Reserve Bank of Australia publishes official economic and financial statistics, including Australian government securities and selected interest-rate series. BondStats uses RBA data as a primary source for selected Australian sovereign yields and fixed-income indicators.
Where necessary, FRED may be used as a continuity fallback.
Monetary Authority of Singapore
The Monetary Authority of Singapore publishes official Singapore Government Securities prices and yields, including benchmark bond yields and Treasury-bill data. BondStats uses MAS data for selected Singapore sovereign-yield analysis.
Other Central Banks and Official Institutions
BondStats also uses or may integrate official data published by national central banks, debt-management offices, finance ministries and statistical institutions where appropriate.
These include, depending on the relevant BondStats market or tool:
Sveriges Riksbank
Norges Bank
Reserve Bank of New Zealand
Swiss National Bank
Bank of Korea
Reserve Bank of India
Banco de México
Banco Central do Brasil
South African Reserve Bank
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
other national monetary and fiscal authorities
Official national data are preferred whenever the data quality, accessibility and update frequency are suitable for the BondStats application.
Investing.com and Other Market-Based Sources
Selected market-based data may be used where official sovereign-yield datasets are unavailable, incomplete or materially delayed. Historically this has included selected government-bond yields for markets such as China.
These sources are treated as secondary or fallback sources rather than the preferred primary data layer.
Bond Market Regime Monitor
The Bond Market Regime Monitor combines several observable fixed-income indicators rather than relying on a single external dataset.
Its current framework includes:
2-year U.S. Treasury yield
10-year U.S. Treasury yield
10Y–2Y yield-curve spread
10-year real Treasury yield
Chicago Fed credit-condition data
5-year breakeven inflation
The underlying market data are sourced primarily through Federal Reserve and FRED infrastructure. The resulting classifications — such as Balanced Transition, Late-Cycle Tightening, Slowdown, Stress / Risk-Off or Easing Transition — are BondStats rules-based interpretations.
They are not Federal Reserve forecasts, investment recommendations or AI-generated market predictions.
Recession and Macro Indicators
BondStats recession, macro and cycle-oriented tools may use combinations of:
sovereign yield curves
Treasury spreads
policy rates
inflation data
real yields
financial-condition indicators
official macroeconomic series
Where possible, primary central-bank, government and FRED data are used. Any probabilities, classifications or interpretations presented by BondStats should be understood as analytical outputs derived from the underlying inputs rather than official forecasts from the source institutions.
BondStats AI
BondStats AI provides analytical interpretation of financial and fixed-income information.
Where source information is displayed, users should distinguish between:
Underlying data: supplied by external financial or official institutions.
BondStats interpretation: analytical context generated or calculated by BondStats.
BondStats AI does not alter the underlying official market observations displayed by BondStats tools.
Signals Hidden in the Bond Market
The visual research project Signals Hidden in the Bond Market combines market history, fixed-income relationships and conceptual financial-market scenarios.
Where graphics use historical observations, BondStats aims to rely on identifiable financial or official datasets. Conceptual or normalized illustrations are intended to explain market relationships and should not be interpreted as live market observations unless explicitly labelled as such.
Derived BondStats Indicators
Several BondStats tools create metrics from underlying source data.
Examples include:
Debt Repricing Clock calculations
Refinancing Cost Gap
Bond Market Regime classifications
Global Liquidity Pulse
Global Liquidity Regime
recession or cycle classifications
spread calculations
real-yield calculations
cross-market comparisons
These metrics are BondStats calculations, not official indicators produced by the institutions supplying the underlying data. This distinction is intentionally maintained throughout the platform.
Data Update Frequency
Update frequencies depend on the original source.
Daily or near-daily data may include sovereign yields, yield curves, real yields, breakeven inflation and selected market indicators.
Monthly data may include foreign Treasury holdings and selected macroeconomic datasets.
Quarterly data include BIS Global Liquidity Indicators and other structural international-finance datasets.
BondStats may process or refresh data more frequently than the original publication schedule. A recent BondStats refresh date therefore does not necessarily indicate that the underlying source released a new observation on that date.
Data Validation & Continuity
BondStats uses a combination of automated updates, validation checks and fallback mechanisms.
Where implemented, the system may:
preserve the last valid observation if a source becomes temporarily unavailable
reject incomplete or malformed responses
switch to an approved fallback source
avoid replacing valid data with failed API responses
display the latest common observation date where several datasets have different publication schedules
This is intended to improve continuity while maintaining transparency about the original data source.
Data Usage & Limitations
BondStats is designed for financial research, education and market analysis.
Although considerable effort is made to use reliable sources and maintain accurate calculations, financial and economic data may:
be revised after initial publication
contain reporting delays
differ across providers because of methodology
reflect different market closing times
contain gaps or temporary source interruptions
be subject to changes in definitions or historical series
Derived analytics may also depend on assumptions, thresholds or classifications selected by BondStats. BondStats therefore does not guarantee that every observation is error-free, complete or suitable for a particular investment decision.
Users should consult the original source when a figure is critical to financial, legal or investment decisions.
Attribution
BondStats is an independent financial-information platform and is not affiliated with, endorsed by or sponsored by the Federal Reserve, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, U.S. Department of the Treasury, European Central Bank, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, Reserve Bank of Australia, Monetary Authority of Singapore, Bank for International Settlements or other institutions referenced on this page.
All trademarks and institutional names belong to their respective owners.
Disclaimer
BondStats provides financial information, market data, analytical tools and research for informational and educational purposes only. Nothing on BondStats constitutes investment, financial, legal or tax advice, or a personal recommendation to buy or sell any security.
Market data may be delayed, revised, incomplete or subject to methodological differences between sources. BondStats-derived indicators, classifications and AI-generated analysis are analytical outputs and should not be interpreted as forecasts or guarantees of future performance. Users should independently verify information that is material to an investment decision.